Essay Paragraph写作实例解析
除非有特殊要求，通常情况下，Essay开头有一个介绍性段落，在结尾有一个结论段落，它们处于Essay的不同位置，功能不同，因此各有自己独特的结构。
Essay的主体也将包含几个段落，在这部分内容中，你将讨论、分析和评估与论文主题相关的内容，并辅以相关支持性的例子和证据。段落数量取决于Essay长度和主体讨论的不同观点的数量。
1.Paragraph内容结构
首先，我们要明白，什么是段落？一个抓人眼球的段落应该包含哪些内容？
一个段落应包含一个主要话题或想法。由以下部分组成：
一个主题句
相关支持性的句子
一个总结性的句子
2.Paragraph实例分析
Essay question: Does social media enhance cross-cultural connection?
[Topic Sentence]Research indicates that while digital communication has enhanced the capacity of people to connect across cultures, there are limitations regarding how this communication translates to genuine connection. [Supporting sentences] Many scholars suggest that social media is a way for people to form relationships in the digital space even though they may be separated geographically. Smith (2010. p. 75) suggests that technology has ::greatly enhanced" the capacity of people to connect through digital platforms such as Facebook. Twitter and Instagram. Rogers etal. (2019) propose that these kinds of technology platforms not only benefit users in terms of social connectivity, but also significantly impact the distribution of knowledge between people and cultures. [1] Similarly, in a study of over 1500 participants in Australia. China. India and Germany, Cosgrove (2018) found that people who regularly used social media were more likely to engage in activities from other cultures. However, other scholars suggest there are significant limitations to the extent to which social media enhances cross- cultural connection. [2] While Harrison (2017. p. 9) agrees that technology has increased the capacity for people to communicate across cultures. he raises concerns that such forms of communication fail to "foster in-depth relationships" between people and communities from different cultures. In a similar way, James (2020) suggests that developments in technology must be accompanied by rigorous and meaningful debate about the possibilities and limitations of such communication in terms of cultural connection. Going further. Markson (2018. p. 18) warns that digital communication platforms, while seeming to enhance connection. actually "erode the fundamental principles of cross-cultural engagement' by reducing important and complex aspects of culture to instant images …for immediate gratification rather than deep understanding". [Concluding sentence] While social media platforms offer the chance for many people from different cultures to connect more research needs to be done regarding the quality of such conn ection.
Research indicates that while digital communication has enhanced the capacity of people to connect across cultures, there are limitations regarding how this communication translates to genuine connection.
研究表明，虽然数字通信增强了人们跨文化沟通的能力，但在如何转化这种数字通讯为真正的联系上存在一定局限。
主题句即解释段落主旨。
例子中的主旨句肯定了数字通讯的积极作用，但也指出其发展还不完全成熟，存在一定缺陷。
表明作者对数字通讯技术持中立态度，那么在随后的支持性句子展开论证解释的时候就需要采用正反两方面的研究。
Supporting sentences
相关支持性句子即介绍其他文章、作者的观点和研究，以便进一步佐证段落主旨。
Smith (2010, p. 75) suggests that technology has “greatly enhanced” the capacity of people to connect through digital platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Rogers et al. (2019) propose that these kinds of technology platforms not only benefit users in terms of social connectivity, but also significantly impact the distribution of knowledge between people and cultures.
Smith（2010，75页）提出，技术已经 "大大增强 "了人们通过Facebook、Twitter和Instagram等数字平台进行沟通联系的能力。罗杰斯等人（2019）提出，这类技术平台不仅使用户在社会连接方面受益，而且还大大影响了人与文化之间的知识分配。
支持句一（积极态度）+转折
Similarly, in a study of over 1,500 participants in Australia, China, India and Germany, Cosgrove (2018) found that people who regularly used social media were more likely to engage in activities from other cultures. However, other scholars suggest there are significant limitations to the extent to which social media enhances cross-cultural connection.
同样，在对澳大利亚、中国、印度和德国的1500多名参与者的研究中，Cosgrove（2018）发现，经常使用社交媒体的人更有可能参与其他文化的活动。然而，其他学者认为，社交媒体增强跨文化联系的程度存在很大的局限性。
在例子中，作者将那些支持社交媒体作为跨文化交流形式的学者归为一类。分别阐述了他们的观点进行佐证。随后however引出持否定态度学者的研究。
支持句二（消极态度）
While Harrison (2017, p. 9) agrees that technology has increased the capacity for people to communicate across cultures, he raises concerns that such forms of communication fail to “foster in-depth relationships” between people and communities from different cultures. In a similar way, James (2020) suggests that developments in technology must be accompanied by rigorous and meaningful debate about the possibilities and limitations of such communication in terms of cultural connection. Going further, Markson (2018, p. 18) warns that digital communication platforms, while seeming to enhance connection, actually “erode the fundamental principles of cross-cultural engagement” by reducing important and complex aspects of culture to “instant images … for immediate gratification rather than deep understanding".
虽然Harrison（2017，9页）同意技术提高了人们跨文化交流的能力，但他担心的是这种交流形式不能 "促进不同文化的人和社区之间的深入关系"。同样，James（2020）提到，技术的发展必须伴随关于这种交流在文化联系方面的任何可能性和局限性的严谨且有意义的讨论。Markson（2018，第18页）也说到，数字通信平台虽然看起来加强了联系，但实际上 "侵蚀了跨文化接触的基本原则"，因为它将文化的重要和复杂方面减少到 "即时图像......为了即可满足而不是深入理解"。
该段的后半部分列举了持反对观点的学者观点。诸如 "similarly "和 "however "这样的连接短语显示了观点之间的逻辑关系。在写作时，巧妙运用转折词能帮助读者更好理解文章内容，理清逻辑关系。
Concluding sentence
While social media platforms offer the chance for many people from different cultures to connect, more research needs to be done regarding the quality of such connection.
虽然社交媒体平台为来自不同文化的人提供了交流的机会，但对于这种联系的质量还需要做更多的研究。
在进行正反两方面论述后，结论句再次总结该段的主要观点，并为后文或将来进一步探讨留下空间。
3.如何写好段落Paragraph
在写作过程中，需要带着以下问题：
是否有明确的重点
一个段落应该有单一、明确的重点内容，并在第一句主题句中得到体现，同时，段落的重点也是对Essay问题的直接回应。
是否有一个好的主题句
主题句通常是第一句，直接勾勒出该段的所有重点内容。
在上面的例子中，主题句是通过重复问题中的关键词（或这些词的同义词）直接回应Essay问题的，如 "digital communication"、"across cultures "和 "connections"。
一旦有清晰的主题句，就可以在写段落时以此为中心进行写作。通过检查所有的支持性论证是否与主题句有直接关系，以确保没有跑题。
是否进行了有效补充论证
所有支持性补充论证句构成了段落的主体部分。由其他学者的观点、研究构成，通过自己的逻辑建构，为自己Essay主旨服务。
在上述例子中，作者用自己的的口吻写到："Many scholars suggest that social media is a way for many different people to form relationships in the digital space even though they may be separated geographically." 这句话的目的是为了介绍后面的相关观点。
观点论证是否有逻辑
逻辑严密的观点论证是写好一个段落的基础。
在上面的例子中，有两条逻辑主线，第一条以 “Many scholars suggest …”,这句话开始，探讨了不同学者认为社交媒体能增强跨文化联系。随后 “However, other scholars suggest…”一句开始，作者列举了几位学者持有社交媒体作为促进跨文化交流工具具有一定局限性的观点，也就是第二条逻辑主线。
不过当文章内容太长，字数较多的时候，可以分段讨论，即用一整段深入讨论陈述积极意义，再用一整段讨论消极意义。
无论如何建构段落，重点是要有明确主题和清晰的逻辑顺序。
是否有总结句
结论句和主题句一样，应该指出本段所讨论的重点内容的范围。
在上述例子中，结论句不仅重申了主题句的思想，还包含了额外信息：在这个领域需要进行更多的研究。以提示接下来的文章内容。
